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@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ |
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C |
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.\" ======================================================================== |
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.\" |
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.IX Title "EV 1" |
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.TH EV 1 "2008-04-11" "perl v5.10.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation" |
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.IX Title "LIBEV 3" |
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.TH LIBEV 3 "2008-05-09" "libev-1.1" "libev - high perfromance full featured event loop" |
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.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes |
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.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. |
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.if n .ad l |
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@ -1513,6 +1513,10 @@ Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful |
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when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return |
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a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like |
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program when the crontabs have changed). |
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.IP "ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)" 4 |
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.IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)" |
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When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to |
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trigger next. |
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.IP "ev_tstamp offset [read\-write]" 4 |
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.IX Item "ev_tstamp offset [read-write]" |
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When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the |
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@ -1530,10 +1534,6 @@ called. |
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The current reschedule callback, or \f(CW0\fR, if this functionality is |
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switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
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the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called. |
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.IP "ev_tstamp at [read\-only]" 4 |
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.IX Item "ev_tstamp at [read-only]" |
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When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to |
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trigger next. |
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.PP |
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\fIExamples\fR |
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.IX Subsection "Examples" |
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@ -1749,11 +1749,12 @@ resource-intensive. |
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.PP |
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At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is |
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implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the |
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reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the |
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semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs |
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to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are |
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usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no |
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polling. |
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reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat |
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semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should |
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not change the semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers, which means that libev |
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sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, |
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but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there |
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will be no polling. |
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.PP |
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\fI\s-1ABI\s0 Issues (Largefile Support)\fR |
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.IX Subsection "ABI Issues (Largefile Support)" |
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@ -1775,9 +1776,9 @@ available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up |
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change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily |
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when the first \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watcher is being started. |
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.PP |
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Inotify presense does not change the semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers |
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Inotify presence does not change the semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers |
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except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid |
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making regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR calls. Even in the presense of inotify support |
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making regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR calls. Even in the presence of inotify support |
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there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR polling. |
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.PP |
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(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to |
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@ -1791,16 +1792,25 @@ The \f(CW\*(C`stat ()\*(C'\fR syscall only supports full-second resolution porta |
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even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still |
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only support whole seconds. |
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.PP |
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That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might |
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miss updates: on the first update, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR detects a change and calls |
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your callback, which does something. When there is another update within |
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the same second, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR will be unable to detect it. |
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.PP |
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The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till |
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the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR |
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(\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)\*(C'\fR). The \f(CW.01\fR |
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is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating |
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systems. |
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That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can |
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easily miss updates: on the first update, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR detects a change and |
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calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update |
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within the same second, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR will be unable to detect it as the stat |
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data does not change. |
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.PP |
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The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more |
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than second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using |
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a roughly one-second-delay \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02); |
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ev_timer_again (loop, w)\*(C'\fR). |
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.PP |
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The \f(CW.02\fR offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies |
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of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time |
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might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR might return a timestamp with a full second later than |
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a subsequent \f(CW\*(C`time\*(C'\fR call \- if the equivalent of \f(CW\*(C`time ()\*(C'\fR is used to |
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update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses |
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the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute |
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the timer callback). |
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.PP |
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\fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
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.IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
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@ -1816,25 +1826,29 @@ be detected and should normally be specified as \f(CW0\fR to let libev choose |
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a suitable value. The memory pointed to by \f(CW\*(C`path\*(C'\fR must point to the same |
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path for as long as the watcher is active. |
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.Sp |
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The callback will be receive \f(CW\*(C`EV_STAT\*(C'\fR when a change was detected, |
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relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the |
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last change was detected). |
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The callback will receive \f(CW\*(C`EV_STAT\*(C'\fR when a change was detected, relative |
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to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change |
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was detected). |
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.IP "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)" 4 |
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.IX Item "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)" |
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Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the |
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watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid |
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detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be |
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useful simply to find out the new values. |
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watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid |
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detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not |
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the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the |
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new values. |
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.IP "ev_statdata attr [read\-only]" 4 |
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.IX Item "ev_statdata attr [read-only]" |
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The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of |
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The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_statdata\*(C'\fR, this is usually the (or one of the) \f(CW\*(C`struct stat\*(C'\fR types |
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suitable for your system. If the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR member is \f(CW0\fR, then there |
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was some error while \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fRing the file. |
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suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised |
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members to be present. If the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR member is \f(CW0\fR, then there was |
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some error while \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fRing the file. |
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.IP "ev_statdata prev [read\-only]" 4 |
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.IX Item "ev_statdata prev [read-only]" |
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The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`prev\*(C'\fR != \f(CW\*(C`attr\*(C'\fR. |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`prev\*(C'\fR != \f(CW\*(C`attr\*(C'\fR, or, more precisely, one or more of these members |
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differ: \f(CW\*(C`st_dev\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_ino\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_mode\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_uid\*(C'\fR, |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`st_gid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_rdev\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_size\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_atime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_mtime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_ctime\*(C'\fR. |
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.IP "ev_tstamp interval [read\-only]" 4 |
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.IX Item "ev_tstamp interval [read-only]" |
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The specified interval. |
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@ -1898,7 +1912,7 @@ one might do the work both on \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR callback invocation \fIa |
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\& ... |
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\& ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.); |
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\& ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd); |
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\& ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01); |
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\& ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02); |
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.Ve |
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.ie n .Sh """ev_idle"" \- when you've got nothing better to do..." |
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.el .Sh "\f(CWev_idle\fP \- when you've got nothing better to do..." |
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@ -1994,7 +2008,7 @@ It is recommended to give \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers highest (\f(CW\*(C |
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priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers |
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after the poll. Also, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers, |
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too) should not activate (\*(L"feed\*(R") events into libev. While libev fully |
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supports this, they will be called before other \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers |
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supports this, they might get executed before other \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers |
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did their job. As \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are often used to embed other |
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(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable |
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state until their \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher ran (always remind yourself to |
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@ -2018,9 +2032,9 @@ macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless. |
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There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules |
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into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev |
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(there is a Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR that does this, which you could |
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use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR |
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embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR embeds \s-1EV\s0 |
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into the Glib event loop). |
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use as a working example. Another Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR embeds a |
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Glib main context into libev, and finally, \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR embeds \s-1EV\s0 into the |
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Glib event loop). |
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.PP |
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Method 1: Add \s-1IO\s0 watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, |
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and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows |
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@ -3054,8 +3068,9 @@ defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. |
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.IP "\s-1EV_MINIMAL\s0" 4 |
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.IX Item "EV_MINIMAL" |
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If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
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speed, define this symbol to \f(CW1\fR. Currently only used for gcc to override |
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some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64. |
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speed, define this symbol to \f(CW1\fR. Currently this is used to override some |
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inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64. It also selects a |
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much smaller 2\-heap for timer management over the default 4\-heap. |
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.IP "\s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0" 4 |
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.IX Item "EV_PID_HASHSIZE" |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
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@ -3069,6 +3084,26 @@ inotify watch id. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV |
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usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR |
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watchers you might want to increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of |
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two). |
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.IP "\s-1EV_USE_4HEAP\s0" 4 |
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.IX Item "EV_USE_4HEAP" |
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Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
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timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4\-heap when this symbol is defined |
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to \f(CW1\fR. The 4\-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has a |
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noticable after performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
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.Sp |
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The default is \f(CW1\fR unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR is set in which case it is \f(CW0\fR |
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(disabled). |
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.IP "\s-1EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT\s0" 4 |
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.IX Item "EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT" |
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Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
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timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (\fIat\fR) within |
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the heap structure (selected by defining \f(CW\*(C`EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT\*(C'\fR to \f(CW1\fR), |
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which uses 8\-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
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but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This noticably improves |
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performance noticably with with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
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.Sp |
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The default is \f(CW1\fR unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR is set in which case it is \f(CW0\fR |
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(disabled). |
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.IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4 |
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.IX Item "EV_COMMON" |
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By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining |
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@ -3244,8 +3279,8 @@ correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually |
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have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal). |
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.IP "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)" 4 |
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.IX Item "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)" |
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By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the |
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beginning of the storage array. |
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By virtue of using a binary or 4\-heap, the next timer is always found at a |
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fixed position in the storage array. |
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.IP "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" 4 |
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.IX Item "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" |
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A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires |
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@ -3281,15 +3316,21 @@ the form of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR backend, and only supports so |
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descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using |
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e.g. cygwin. |
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.PP |
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Lifting these limitations would basically require the full |
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re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of |
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things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable |
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way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
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.PP |
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There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
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embedding it into other applications. |
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.PP |
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Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the |
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abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not |
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recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than |
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a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different |
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implementation for windows, as libev offers the \s-1POSIX\s0 model, which cannot |
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be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games). |
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Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and |
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the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets |
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is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use |
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more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally |
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different implementation for windows, as libev offers the \s-1POSIX\s0 readyness |
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notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows |
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(microsoft monopoly games). |
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.IP "The winsocket select function" 4 |
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.IX Item "The winsocket select function" |
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The winsocket \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR function doesn't follow \s-1POSIX\s0 in that it requires |
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@ -3311,11 +3352,13 @@ Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
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complexity in the O(nA\*^X) range when using win32. |
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.IP "Limited number of file descriptors" 4 |
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.IX Item "Limited number of file descriptors" |
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Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions |
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of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of \f(CW64\fR handles |
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(probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for |
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\&\f(CW64\fR things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a |
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chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each). |
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Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
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.Sp |
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Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
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of \f(CW64\fR handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
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can only wait for \f(CW64\fR things at the same time internally; microsoft |
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recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the |
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previous thread in each. Great). |
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.Sp |
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Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define \f(CW\*(C`FD_SETSIZE\*(C'\fR |
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to some high number (e.g. \f(CW2048\fR) before compiling the winsocket select |
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@ -3333,12 +3376,53 @@ This might get you to about \f(CW512\fR or \f(CW2048\fR sockets (depending on |
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windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to |
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wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of |
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calling select (O(nA\*^X)) will likely make this unworkable. |
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.SH "PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS" |
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.IX Header "PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS" |
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In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few |
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additional extensions: |
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.ie n .IP """sig_atomic_t volatile"" must be thread-atomic as well" 4 |
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.el .IP "\f(CWsig_atomic_t volatile\fR must be thread-atomic as well" 4 |
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.IX Item "sig_atomic_t volatile must be thread-atomic as well" |
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The type \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR (or whatever is defined as |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different |
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threads. This is not part of the specification for \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t\*(C'\fR, but is |
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believed to be sufficiently portable. |
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.ie n .IP """sigprocmask"" must work in a threaded environment" 4 |
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.el .IP "\f(CWsigprocmask\fR must work in a threaded environment" 4 |
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.IX Item "sigprocmask must work in a threaded environment" |
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Libev uses \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR to temporarily block signals. This is not |
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allowed in a threaded program (\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR has to be used). Typical |
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pthread implementations will either allow \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR in the \*(L"main |
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thread\*(R" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would |
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be compatible with libev. Interaction between \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR and |
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\&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR could complicate things, however. |
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.Sp |
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The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads |
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except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as |
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well. |
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.ie n .IP """long"" must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
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.el .IP "\f(CWlong\fR must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
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.IX Item "long must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" |
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To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses \f(CW\*(C`long\*(C'\fR |
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internally instead of \f(CW\*(C`size_t\*(C'\fR when allocating its data structures. On |
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non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but |
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is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of |
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millions of watchers. |
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.ie n .IP """double"" must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4 |
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.el .IP "\f(CWdouble\fR must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4 |
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.IX Item "double must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" |
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The type \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
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have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good |
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enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by |
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implementations implementing \s-1IEEE\s0 754 (basically all existing ones). |
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.PP |
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If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
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.SH "AUTHOR" |
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.IX Header "AUTHOR" |
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Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>. |
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.SH "POD ERRORS" |
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.IX Header "POD ERRORS" |
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Hey! \fBThe above document had some coding errors, which are explained below:\fR |
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.IP "Around line 3015:" 4 |
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.IX Item "Around line 3015:" |
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.IP "Around line 3052:" 4 |
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.IX Item "Around line 3052:" |
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You forgot a '=back' before '=head2' |
Marc Alexander Lehmann
12 years ago