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Marc Alexander Lehmann 13 years ago
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      ev.pod

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ev.pod
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
static void
stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
{
puts ("stdin ready");
// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
// another callback, this time for a time-out
static void
timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
puts ("timeout");
// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
main (void)
{
// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
// initialise an io watcher, then start it
// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
more info about various configuration options please have a look at
B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
this argument.
=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
An event loop is described by a C<ev_loop *>. The library knows two
types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ respectively).
Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
running when nothing else is active.
struct ev_signal exitsig;
ev_signal exitsig;
ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
evf_unref (loop);
@ -788,14 +788,14 @@ A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
ev_io_stop (w);
ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
}
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
struct ev_io stdin_watcher;
ev_io stdin_watcher;
ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ which rolls both calls into one.
You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
int revents)>.
Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ data:
struct my_io
{
struct ev_io io;
ev_io io;
int otherfd;
void *somedata;
struct whatever *mostinteresting;
@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ data:
And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
can cast it back to your own type:
static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)
static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
{
struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
...
@ -1107,14 +1107,14 @@ programmers):
#include <stddef.h>
static void
t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
}
static void
t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
static void
stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
ev_io_stop (loop, w);
.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@ attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
...
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
struct ev_io stdin_readable;
ev_io stdin_readable;
ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
ev_loop (loop, 0);
@ -1288,6 +1288,134 @@ The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration
then order of execution is undefined.
=head3 Be smart about timeouts
Many real-world problems invole some kind of time-out, usually for error
recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
you want to raise some error after a while.
Here are some ways on how to handle this problem, from simple and
inefficient to very efficient.
In the following examples a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a
timeout that gets reset to 60 seconds each time some data ("a lifesign")
was received.
=over 4
=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise, start it on activity.
This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
start the watcher:
ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> the timer,
initialise it again, and start it:
ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there
is some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from it's
internal data strcuture and then add it again.
=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
C<ev_timer_start>.
For this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and
then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you successfully read
or write some data. If you go into an idle state where you do not expect
data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and
C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>.
At start:
ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 60.);
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
Each time you receive some data:
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly:
timer->repeat = 30.;
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
remove and re-insert the timer from/into it's internal data structure.
=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
relatively long compared to the loop iteration time - in our example,
within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with associated
activity resets.
In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
within the callback:
ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
static void
callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
// if last_activity is older than now - timeout, we did time out
if (timeout < now)
{
// timeout occured, take action
}
else
{
// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
// to fire in last_activity + 60.
w->again = timeout - now;
ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
}
}
To summarise the callback: first calculate the real time-out (defined as
"60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has been
reached, which means there was a real timeout. Otherwise the callback was
invoked too early (timeout is in the future), so re-schedule the timer to
fire at that future time.
Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds),
but virtually no calls to libev to change the timeout.
To start the timer, simply intiialise the watcher and C<last_activity>,
then call the callback:
ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
last_activity = ev_now (loop);
callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
And when there is some activity, simply remember the time in
C<last_activity>:
last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
=back
=head3 The special problem of time updates
Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
@ -1340,36 +1468,8 @@ If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle
timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
automatically restart it if need be.
That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
...
timer->again = 17.;
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
...
timer->again = 10.;
ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
you want to modify its timeout value.
Note, however, that it is often even more efficient to remember the
time of the last activity and let the timer time-out naturally. In the
callback, you then check whether the time-out is real, or, if there was
some activity, you reschedule the watcher to time-out in "last_activity +
timeout - ev_now ()" seconds.
This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a
usage example.
=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
@ -1384,12 +1484,12 @@ which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
static void
one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
}
struct ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
@ -1397,12 +1497,12 @@ Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
inactivity.
static void
timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
{
.. ten seconds without any activity
}
struct ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer mytimer;
ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
ev_loop (loop, 0);
@ -1498,10 +1598,11 @@ If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic
The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
static ev_tstamp
my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
{
return now + 60.;
}
@ -1548,7 +1649,7 @@ The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
called.
=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
@ -1563,12 +1664,12 @@ system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
static void
clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
}
struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
@ -1577,7 +1678,7 @@ Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
#include <math.h>
static ev_tstamp
my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
{
return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
}
@ -1586,7 +1687,7 @@ Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic hourly_tick;
ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
@ -1638,12 +1739,12 @@ The signal the watcher watches out for.
Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
static void
sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
{
ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
}
struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
ev_signal signal_watcher;
ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
@ -1728,7 +1829,7 @@ its completion.
ev_child cw;
static void
child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)
child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
{
ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
@ -1990,14 +2091,14 @@ Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
static void
idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
{
free (w);
// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
// no longer anything immediate to do.
}
struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
@ -2088,13 +2189,13 @@ the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
static ev_timer tw;
static void
io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
{
}
// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
static void
adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
{
int timeout = 3600000;
struct pollfd fds [nfd];
@ -2119,7 +2220,7 @@ the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
// stop all watchers after blocking
static void
adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
{
ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
@ -2297,7 +2398,7 @@ used).
struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
struct ev_embed embed;
ev_embed embed;
// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
@ -2321,7 +2422,7 @@ C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
struct ev_embed embed;
ev_embed embed;
if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
@ -2545,18 +2646,18 @@ Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
the given events it.
=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
loop!).

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