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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C |
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// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature |
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// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin |
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static void |
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stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
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stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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puts ("stdin ready"); |
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// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C |
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// another callback, this time for a time-out |
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static void |
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timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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puts ("timeout"); |
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// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating |
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@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C |
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main (void) |
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{ |
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// use the default event loop unless you have special needs |
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struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
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ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
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// initialise an io watcher, then start it |
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// this one will watch for stdin to become readable |
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@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For |
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more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
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B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
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for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
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name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have |
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name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have |
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this argument. |
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=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION |
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@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too. |
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=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP |
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An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two |
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An event loop is described by a C<ev_loop *>. The library knows two |
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types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child |
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events, and dynamically created loops which do not. |
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@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ respectively). |
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Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop> |
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running when nothing else is active. |
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struct ev_signal exitsig; |
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ev_signal exitsig; |
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ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
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ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
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evf_unref (loop); |
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@ -788,14 +788,14 @@ A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your |
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interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to |
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become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that: |
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static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
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static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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ev_io_stop (w); |
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ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
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} |
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struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
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struct ev_io stdin_watcher; |
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ev_io stdin_watcher; |
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ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
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ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
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ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
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@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ which rolls both calls into one. |
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You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped |
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(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding. |
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The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, |
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The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, |
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int revents)>. |
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Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps. |
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@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ data: |
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struct my_io |
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{ |
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struct ev_io io; |
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ev_io io; |
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int otherfd; |
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void *somedata; |
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struct whatever *mostinteresting; |
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@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ data: |
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And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you |
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can cast it back to your own type: |
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static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents) |
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static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents) |
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{ |
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struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; |
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... |
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@ -1107,14 +1107,14 @@ programmers): |
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#include <stddef.h> |
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static void |
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t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
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(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1)); |
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} |
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static void |
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t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
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(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
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@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could |
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attempt to read a whole line in the callback. |
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static void |
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stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
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stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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ev_io_stop (loop, w); |
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.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors |
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@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@ attempt to read a whole line in the callback. |
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... |
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struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
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struct ev_io stdin_readable; |
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ev_io stdin_readable; |
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ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
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ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
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ev_loop (loop, 0); |
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@ -1288,6 +1288,134 @@ The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has |
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passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration |
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then order of execution is undefined. |
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=head3 Be smart about timeouts |
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Many real-world problems invole some kind of time-out, usually for error |
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recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs, |
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you want to raise some error after a while. |
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Here are some ways on how to handle this problem, from simple and |
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inefficient to very efficient. |
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In the following examples a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a |
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timeout that gets reset to 60 seconds each time some data ("a lifesign") |
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was received. |
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=over 4 |
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=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise, start it on activity. |
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This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning, |
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start the watcher: |
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ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.); |
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ev_timer_start (loop, timer); |
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Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, |
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initialise it again, and start it: |
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ev_timer_stop (loop, timer); |
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ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.); |
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ev_timer_start (loop, timer); |
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This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there |
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is some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from it's |
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internal data strcuture and then add it again. |
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=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity. |
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This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of |
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C<ev_timer_start>. |
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For this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and |
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then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you successfully read |
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or write some data. If you go into an idle state where you do not expect |
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data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and |
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C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be. |
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That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> |
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altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>. |
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At start: |
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ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 60.); |
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ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
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Each time you receive some data: |
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ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
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It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly: |
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timer->repeat = 30.; |
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ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
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This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time |
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you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely |
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remove and re-insert the timer from/into it's internal data structure. |
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=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required. |
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This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are |
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relatively long compared to the loop iteration time - in our example, |
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within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with associated |
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activity resets. |
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In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone, |
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but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only |
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within the callback: |
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ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity |
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static void |
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callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A); |
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ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.; |
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// if last_activity is older than now - timeout, we did time out |
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if (timeout < now) |
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{ |
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// timeout occured, take action |
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} |
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else |
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{ |
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// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm |
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// to fire in last_activity + 60. |
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w->again = timeout - now; |
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ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w); |
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} |
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} |
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To summarise the callback: first calculate the real time-out (defined as |
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"60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has been |
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reached, which means there was a real timeout. Otherwise the callback was |
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invoked too early (timeout is in the future), so re-schedule the timer to |
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fire at that future time. |
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Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the |
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C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running. |
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This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds), |
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but virtually no calls to libev to change the timeout. |
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To start the timer, simply intiialise the watcher and C<last_activity>, |
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then call the callback: |
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ev_timer_init (timer, callback); |
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last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
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callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT); |
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And when there is some activity, simply remember the time in |
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C<last_activity>: |
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last_actiivty = ev_now (loop); |
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This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the |
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time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient. |
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=back |
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=head3 The special problem of time updates |
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Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at |
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@ -1340,36 +1468,8 @@ If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out). |
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If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the |
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C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
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This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical |
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example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle |
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timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60 |
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seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to |
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configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call |
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C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If |
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you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the |
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socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will |
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automatically restart it if need be. |
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That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> |
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altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>: |
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ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.); |
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ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
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... |
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timer->again = 17.; |
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ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
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... |
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timer->again = 10.; |
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ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
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This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time |
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you want to modify its timeout value. |
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Note, however, that it is often even more efficient to remember the |
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time of the last activity and let the timer time-out naturally. In the |
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callback, you then check whether the time-out is real, or, if there was |
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some activity, you reschedule the watcher to time-out in "last_activity + |
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timeout - ev_now ()" seconds. |
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This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a |
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usage example. |
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=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
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@ -1384,12 +1484,12 @@ which is also when any modifications are taken into account. |
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Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. |
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static void |
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one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here |
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} |
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struct ev_timer mytimer; |
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ev_timer mytimer; |
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ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); |
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ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); |
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@ -1397,12 +1497,12 @@ Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of |
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inactivity. |
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static void |
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timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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.. ten seconds without any activity |
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} |
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struct ev_timer mytimer; |
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ev_timer mytimer; |
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ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
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ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
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ev_loop (loop, 0); |
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@ -1498,10 +1598,11 @@ If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop |
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it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the |
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only event loop modification you are allowed to do). |
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The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic |
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The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic |
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*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.: |
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static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
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static ev_tstamp |
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my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
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{ |
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return now + 60.; |
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} |
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@ -1548,7 +1649,7 @@ The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only |
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take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being |
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called. |
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=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write] |
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=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write] |
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The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is |
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switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
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@ -1563,12 +1664,12 @@ system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
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potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
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static void |
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clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
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clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
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} |
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struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
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ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
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ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); |
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ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
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@ -1577,7 +1678,7 @@ Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
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#include <math.h> |
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static ev_tstamp |
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my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
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my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
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{ |
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return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.)); |
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} |
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@ -1586,7 +1687,7 @@ Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
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Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now: |
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struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
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ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
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ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, |
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fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); |
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ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
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@ -1638,12 +1739,12 @@ The signal the watcher watches out for. |
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Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT. |
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static void |
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sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) |
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sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
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} |
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struct ev_signal signal_watcher; |
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ev_signal signal_watcher; |
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ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
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ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
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@ -1728,7 +1829,7 @@ its completion. |
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ev_child cw; |
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static void |
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child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents) |
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child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w); |
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printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus); |
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@ -1990,14 +2091,14 @@ Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the |
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callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
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static void |
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idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) |
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idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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free (w); |
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// now do something you wanted to do when the program has |
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// no longer anything immediate to do. |
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} |
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struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle)); |
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ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle)); |
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ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb); |
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ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb); |
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@ -2088,13 +2189,13 @@ the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet. |
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static ev_timer tw; |
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static void |
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io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
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io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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} |
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// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking |
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static void |
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adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
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adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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int timeout = 3600000; |
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struct pollfd fds [nfd]; |
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@ -2119,7 +2220,7 @@ the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet. |
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// stop all watchers after blocking |
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static void |
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adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents) |
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adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents) |
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{ |
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ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw); |
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@ -2297,7 +2398,7 @@ used). |
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struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0); |
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struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0; |
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struct ev_embed embed; |
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ev_embed embed; |
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// see if there is a chance of getting one that works |
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// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection) |
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@ -2321,7 +2422,7 @@ C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too). |
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struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
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struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0; |
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struct ev_embed embed; |
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ev_embed embed; |
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if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) |
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if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)) |
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@ -2545,18 +2646,18 @@ Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO. |
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ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
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=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents) |
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=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents) |
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Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
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had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
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initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). |
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=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents) |
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=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents) |
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Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
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the given events it. |
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=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum) |
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=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum) |
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Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default |
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loop!). |
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